![]() ![]() Central obesity is a greater predictor compared to total weightĪ diagnosis of CKD can be made with either of:.Between 40% and 105% increased risk depending on pack years.The incidence of diabetes, and thus diabetic nephropathy tends to be higher in Asian populations than in white populations.After penetrating the skin, snail larvae affected by the parasite move into systemic circulation and then into portal circulation, maturing in the liver. Moving into veins surrounding the bladder, they then lay eggs which cross the urethral or bladder wall causing long-standing urinary obstruction which results in CKD. Schistosomiasis – this is a parasitic disease caused by several species of fluke. The disease is most commonly found in parts of the Far East, Middle East and Africa where the water supply contains numerous freshwater snails carrying the parasite.Malaria is the main cause of CKD throughout Africa.There is wide geographic variation in the incidence of conditions that cause CKD.CKD due to atherosclerotic vascular disease in the renal artery is more common in elderly patients than in young patients. ![]() In this ethnic group CKD tends to be caused by hypertensive nephropathy. There is a much higher incidence of ESRF in black populations than in white populations.In the USA, incidence is about 3 times higher than in the UK over half of CKD patients in the US are diabetics.Chronic kidney disease is of particular importance in terms of cost to the NHS about 630 patients per 1 million are kept alive by renal replacement therapy, and the incidence of new patients having such treatment is about 110 per 1 million.Stage 3 to 5 CKD has a prevalence of about 8%.Strongly correlated with other chronic diseases – such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. ![]()
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